In 2021, the first Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC) exchange-traded funds (ETFs) hit the U.S. market. Following the launch, Morningstar analyst Ben Johnson told investors in no uncertain terms, “These aren’t the Bitcoin ETFs you’re looking for.” That’s because the first generation of Bitcoin ETFs buy and sell futures contracts, rather than investing in the cryptocurrency itself.
The problem with that strategy is that price changes in futures contracts do not always mirror price changes in Bitcoin. Additionally, to maintain indefinite exposure, issuers roll Bitcoin futures contracts from one month to the next, meaning they sell contracts as the expiration date approaches and buy new contracts. But rolling the contracts costs money, and the fees are passed along to shareholders.
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The upshot is the first Bitcoin ETFs provide indirect exposure to Bitcoin, and consequently fail to tightly track its price. For instance, the futures-linked ProShares Bitcoin ETF has declined 37% since making its market debut in October 2021, but Bitcoin has gained 60%. In other words, the first Bitcoin ETF to hit the U.S. market has underperformed Bitcoin by 97 percentage points since its inception.
Ben Johnson at Morningstar was correct: Those were not the Bitcoin ETFs investors wanted. Fortunately, spot Bitcoin ETFs — which actually own Bitcoin — launched in January 2024, and the cryptocurrency is now doing something it has never done before: It is seeing strong adoption among institutional investors.
Here’s why that matters.
The SEC approved 11 spot Bitcoin ETFs in January 2024. Those new funds let investors add Bitcoin exposure to existing brokerage accounts, while eliminating the hassle and high fees associated with cryptocurrency exchanges.
Consider this assessment from John Eade, president of Argus Research:
Not long ago, the only way to gain exposure to Bitcoin was to invest in it directly. The process was arduous and required self-service in an unregulated market. But investing in Bitcoin has come a long way thanks to the January debut of spot Bitcoin ETFs. This new type of security gives investors exposure to Bitcoin without the need to buy, store, or manage it.
Importantly, because spot Bitcoin ETFs buy and hold the cryptocurrency rather than future contracts, they track the price of Bitcoin very closely. For instance, the iShares Bitcoin Trust (NASDAQ: IBIT) has returned 110% since making its debut in January 2024, while Bitcoin itself has advanced 111%.